For mines and processing plants of glass raw materials such as quartz, sodalite, dolomite and limestone, glass is the most important downstream customer, but the classification and use of glass are not very clear, or the understanding is shallow, incomplete, and unprofessional. It is disadvantageous to increase the added value of raw materials. China National Building Materials International Engineering Co., Ltd. Bengbu Glass Industry Design and Research Institute Xu Meijun's article comprehensively and professionally explained the classification and use of glass, which is worth learning and collecting. 

Glass is not only a transparent material, but also has a unique transparency that plays an important role in various areas of our lives. It is rich in functions, whether it is used for residential or architectural design, or for industry, military, national defense scientific research, energy production, ecological environment, modern communication technology, other materials can not be as versatile as glass. Currently in the world, the classification method of glass and glass products has changed in the past, which can be basically divided into two categories: traditional glass and new glass.

1. Traditional glass

 Traditional glass refers to glass materials and products corresponding to traditional industries, mainly including two categories: flat glass and daily-use glass.

1. Flat glass

 Flat glass refers to a plate glass product whose thickness is much smaller than its length and width, and whose upper and lower surfaces are parallel. Its output and use occupy a very important position in various glass products. Internationally, people generally classify flat glass according to its thickness, forming, processing method, function and use.

 (1) Classification by forming

 Float glass, large flat drawing method (also known as grid method) glass, small flat drawing glass, vertical grooved glass, vertical non-slotted glass, Asahi grooved glass, calendering glass.

 (2) Classification by thickness

 Ordinary flat glass (4-8mm), thin glass (1.5-3mm), ultra-thin glass (1.5-0.1mm), ultra-thin glass (0.1 mm), thick glass (8-12mm), ultra-thick glass (12 -19mm), extra thick glass (19-30mm).

 (3) Classification by processing

 Original glass, also known as one-time directly formed flat glass; deep-processed glass, also known as secondary processed glass.

 (4) Classification by color

 Colorless flat glass, colored flat glass, opalescent flat glass, colored opal flat glass.

 (5) Classification by function

 Ordinary flat glass (lighting, wind shielding and thermal insulation), high-strength glass, heat-absorbing glass, heat-insulating glass, heat-reflecting glass, low-emissivity (Low-E) glass, infrared-absorbing or infrared-transmitting glass, visible light selective absorbing glass, microwave absorbing glass, absorb

 X-ray or Y-ray absorbing glass, soundproof glass, fireproof glass, anti-theft glass, conductive glass, electromagnetic radiation shielding glass, self-cleaning glass, photochromic glass, thermochromic glass, luminescent glass, smart glass, etc.

 (6) Classification by use

 Building door and window glass, glass curtain wall, glass mirror, safety glass (tempered, laminated, wired glass), fireproof glass, anti-theft glass, windshield glass (used for windshields on automobiles, aircraft, and ships), porthole glass (transportation vehicles, aerospace Portholes on aircraft), display substrate glass (liquid crystal display LCD, plasma display, PDP, electroluminescence display ELD, electroluminescence display FED) plate-making glass (photoplate, precision scale, holography, spectral microscopy Photography, space precision technology), integrated circuit substrate glass, magnetic disk and optical disk substrate glass, solar cell substrate and cover plate, instrument and clock cover glass, lighting glass, filter glass and various decorative glass.

2. Daily glass

  It mainly includes bottle and jar glass, utensil glass, instrument glass, optical glass, electronic glass and electric vacuum glass, glass fiber and glass wool, glass composite materials, etc.

  2.1 Jar glass

Glass containers used for quantitative packaging and for holding various liquid and solid objects are collectively referred to as glass bottles and jars. Glass bottles and jars are widely used in food, alcohol, beverages and medicine, and they are mostly made of soda-lime glass. There are many varieties of bottle and jar glass, which can be generally classified according to shape, forming method and function.

  ⑴Classified by shape

  Round, oval, square, special-shaped bottles (other shapes). Among them, the bottle mouth is classified as follows: the inner diameter of the small mouth bottle is less than 30mm, which is used to hold fluid products, and the inner diameter of the large mouth bottle (wide mouth bottle) is greater than 30mm, which is used to hold semi-fluid and solid products.

  (2) Classification by forming method

  Blowing, pressing, pressing and regulating bottles (first pulling glass into glass tubes, and then processing them into bottles, such as small-capacity penicillin bottles, tablet bottles, etc.).

  2.2 utensil glass

Container glass is similar to container glass, and it also has two definitions in broad and narrow sense. In the broad sense, container glass is a general term for glass such as daily utensils, decorations and works of art. dish. , plates, bowls, etc. In some foreign literatures, vessel glass is included in the scope of container glass.

 There are a wide variety of utensil glass, and utensils for different purposes have different requirements for glass performance. According to the chemical composition of glass, it can be divided into ordinary utensil glass, crystal glass, colored glass and opal glass, etc.; according to the forming process, it can be divided into blowing, pressing and kiln glass. The varieties of utensil glass are generally classified by use, and can also be classified by function and manufacturing method. Classification by use:

 ⑴Glass wine set (all kinds of high-legged wine glasses, footless wine glasses, sweet wine glasses, long-necked wine glasses, whisky glasses);

 (2) Glass water utensils (water cups, water bottles with thin necks, large water tanks with handles, mouths, ice buckets, beverage cups, etc.);

 (3) Glass tableware (dishes, jars, plates, tall plates, salad plates, bowls, condiment bottles and utensils, etc.);

 ⑷Glass cookware (utensils that can be heated by open flame, electric heat and microwave, such as frying pans, steamers (steaming deep pots), burning pots, baking pans, baking dishes, coffee pots, coffee cups and saucers, various types of frying pans and Cooking pot, induction cooker panel, gas stove and liquefied gas stove panel, kitchen countertop);

 ⑸ Glass miscellaneous pieces (ashtrays, cosmetic utensils, storage utensils, etc.).

 2.3 Instrument glass

 Instrument glass refers to the glass used to manufacture chemical, biological and laboratory utensils, pipes and devices. Instrument glass has long been widely used in scientific research, cultural education, chemical industry, medicine and health and other industrial production. In addition, in high-tech fields such as aerospace, optoelectronics, lasers, semiconductors, superconductors, biological engineering, and nuclear engineering, various instrument glasses are also widely used. The reason why instrument glass can be widely used is that it can resist the erosion of chemical reagents, can also be used as a heating container, and is transparent, which is convenient for observing the progress of chemical reactions and controlling reaction conditions.

 At present, instrument glass has been developed from small instrument glass in laboratory to large-scale industrial devices, such as various reaction towers, absorption towers, fattening towers, concentration towers, heat exchangers, reaction tanks, cooking pots, acid-resistant pumps, etc. Instrument glass can be used as deep-water diving ball peeping window, water column meter, solar power generation device, solar water heater, microelectronic and optoelectronic device substrate, insulating material and fireproof glass. There are many types of glass instruments, which are usually classified according to the properties of the glass, the use of the instrument, and the process conditions. In some foreign instrument glass standards, they are usually divided into several types according to performance. The performance classification standards mainly consider thermal expansion coefficient, thermal stability and chemical stability.

 2.4 Optical glass

 Optical glass is mainly used as lenses and prisms in optical systems for image transmission. Optical systems have aberrations such as chromatic aberration, spherical aberration, field curvature, and distortion. In order to reduce these aberrations to a certain extent, one can use optical glasses with different indices of refraction and dispersion.

 2.5 Electronic glass

Electronic glass used for various types of communications, computers, digital TVs, new display devices, new components, new electric light sources and other electronic information is one of the extremely important basic materials for electronic information products. The classification scope of electronic glass mainly includes the following:

  ⑴ black and white picture tube (including black and white display tube) glass bulb, color picture tube (including color display tube) glass bulb;

  (2) Electronic glass components for picture tubes (tube neck tube for glass bulb, glass tube for core and column, exhaust tube, low glass powder for color tube and glass welding for bracket);

  (3) Glass for display devices (ultra-thin glass for LCD, ITO conductive glass, glass screen for PDP, glass cover for VFD, exhaust pipe, etc.);

  ⑷ Glass for electric light source (drawing tube for new electric light source, solar collector tube type glass tube;

  ⑸ Glass for vacuum electrical devices (glass bulb for vacuum switch tube, etc.);

  ⑹ Glass bulb for rear projection tube.

  2.6 Fiberglass

Glass is very brittle, but when molten glass is drawn into fibers at a very fast speed, it has a certain flexibility and can be woven into yarn or various forms of glass cloth.

The performance characteristics of glass fiber are: First, the tensile strength is very high. The finer the fiber, the higher the strength; the second is the low heat resistance. Above 250 ℃, it begins to soften, so it is not suitable for strengthening metal matrix composites; the third is high chemical stability. Except for a few media such as hydrochloric acid and concentrated alkali, it has good stability to most chemical media; fourth, it is brittle. The elongation is only about 3%, the surface is smooth, and it is not easy to bond with the substrate. Surface treatment is required to improve the bonding force with the substrate. Fiberglass is the first generation of fiber-reinforced plastics. This material is fire-resistant, corrosion-resistant, easy to clean, and not easily deformed. The manufacturing method is to put the glass into the furnace and heat it to melt, flow out from the micro-holes in the bottom of the furnace, draw the filament, and then twist it into thicker strands. After World War II, glass fiber was widely used. Fiberglass can be used to make fire-resistant fabrics and industrial filters, and can also be made into coarse liners to reinforce plastics used in boat hulls and car bodies. This reinforced plastic material is called glass fiber reinforced plastic, also known as fiberglass.

 2.7 Glass wool

Glass fiber can also make soft glass wool. When the glass flows out of the furnace, the short glass filaments are blown with air or other gases to make glass wool, which can be used as a thermal insulation material. Glass fiber materials mainly include alkali-free glass (E-glass), medium alkali glass (C-glass), high alkali glass (A-glass), high-strength glass (S-glass) and high-modulus glass (M-glass) Wait. E-glass fiber is a kind of aluminosilicate glass. The fiber is spun into a single strand of glass filament with a diameter of 0.0005 ~ 0.003 cm. After plying, it can be made into many forms of reinforcing materials. E-glass fiber has high tensile strength and good water absorption, it is an ideal reinforcement material for resin matrix, and it is also an excellent electrical insulating material. S-glass fiber is a special aluminum-magnesium silicate glass fiber with extremely high tensile strength, and its elastic modulus is higher than that of E-glass. It is mainly used to strengthen high-performance composite materials. In the aerospace industry, it is used to make the shell of rocket engines, in the aviation industry to make aircraft propeller blades, landing gear and radomes, and also to make rocket launcher shells and various high-pressure containers.

 2.8 Glass fiber composites

 The concept of composite material means that a material cannot meet the requirements of use, and it needs to be compounded by two or more materials to form another material that can meet people's requirements, that is, a composite material. For example, a single glass fiber, although high in strength, is loose between fibers, can only withstand tensile force, cannot withstand bending, shearing and compressive stress, and is not easy to be made into a fixed geometric shape, it is a soft body. If they are bonded together with synthetic resin, they can be made into various rigid products with fixed shapes, which can withstand not only tensile stress, but also bending, compressive and shear stress. This constitutes a glass fiber reinforced plastic matrix composite. Because its strength is equivalent to steel, and it contains glass components, it also has the same color, shape, corrosion resistance, electrical insulation, heat insulation and other properties as glass. , this term has been extended to the whole country by the building materials system, and it is still widely used.

2. New glass

 New glass refers to glass materials and products corresponding to the new economy. New glass includes:

 1. Optoelectronic information glass materials (such as nonlinear optical glass, luminescent glass, infrared optical fiber, laser glass, photoelectric functional glass, acousto-optic functional glass, magneto-optical glass, glass disk, optical recording substrate glass, glass for photomask, etc. );

 2. Biological and medical glass materials (microbial carrier - microporous glass, hard tissue compatible materials - artificial bone and dental implants, drug delivery materials, etc.);

 3. Energy glass materials (solar photovoltaic cell composite glass panels, glass thin film batteries), smart glass materials (smart glass windows);

 4. Eco-environmental materials (photocatalytic degradation of self-cleaning glass, glass materials for environmental purification, antibacterial glass materials, forest functional glass materials, and noise-absorbing glass);

 5. Nanophase glass materials (zero-dimensional atomic clusters and nanoparticles, one-dimensional modulation of nano-multilayer films, two-dimensional modulation of nanoparticle film coatings and three-dimensional modulation of nanophase glass materials), etc.

 In addition, many new glass materials use non-oxide composition systems different from traditional glass, such as nitrogen oxides, chalcogenides, halides, chalcogenide-halide systems, transition elements and rare earth elements, etc. special nature requirements.

 The new glass referred to in the international literature is also called special glass (or new functional glass and special functional glass). It refers to glass with various functions obtained by selecting chemical composition, heat treatment, and manufacturing methods. That is, it refers to the glass with specific functions after the action of light, electricity, magnetism, heat, chemistry, biochemistry, etc. The new glass is a high-tech-intensive and knowledge-intensive material. In addition to amorphous solids, its forms include ultra-thin, extra-thick, granular, spherical, special-shaped, scaly, spiral and polycrystalline. in front of humans. Its application fields are expanding day by day. From the perspective of manufacturing methods, in the past, it was only melted in the ordinary atmosphere, but today's new glass adopts float chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atmosphere melting and condensing method, tin liquid floating method, steam method, air cushion floating method, vacuum New manufacturing methods such as vapor deposition and magnetron sputtering.

 From the functional point of view, in addition to chemical functional glass, there are electromagnetic functional glass, mechanical functional glass, chemical and biochemical functional glass, biofunctional glass and new glasses in a wide variety of applications. The new glass is very different from the traditional glass process according to its composition, properties, function and preparation.

 The international new glass category includes optical-electronic information glass materials (such as nonlinear optical glass, luminescent glass, infrared optical fiber, laser glass, optoelectronic functional glass, acousto-optic functional glass, magneto-optical glass, glass disk, optical recording substrate glass, optical Glass for masks, etc.), biological and medical glass materials (microbial carrier - microporous glass, hard tissue compatible materials - artificial bone and dental implants, drug delivery materials, etc.), energy glass materials (solar photovoltaic cell composite glass plate, glass film battery), smart glass materials (smart glass windows), ecological environment materials (photocatalytic degradation of self-cleaning glass, glass materials for environmental purification, antibacterial glass materials, forest functional glass materials, noise-absorbing glass) and nano-phase glass materials (zero-dimensional glass materials) of atomic clusters and nanoparticles, one-dimensionally modulated nanomultilayer films, two-dimensionally modulated nanoparticle film coatings, and three-dimensionally modulated nanophase glasses, etc.).

 2.1 Optoelectronic Information Glass Materials

 Optoelectronic information glass materials are widely used in the field of international new glass, which are materials and components used in information technology. There are mainly the following varieties:

 (1) Glass materials for information processing such as doped semiconductor quantum wells, quantum wires and quantum dot glass materials.

 (2) Glass for information transmission, such as silica glass fiber, fluoride glass fiber, sulfide glass fiber, rare earth element doped glass fiber amplifier, etc.

(3) Glass for information storage, such as germanium-doped and non-germanium-doped glass fiber grating, chalcogenide glass storage film, magnetic disk and optical disk glass substrate.

 (4) Glass for information display, such as low melting point glass for plasma display (PDP) substrate, glass substrate for liquid crystal display (LCD), glass screen and cone for cathode ray tube (CRT), etc.

 (5) Glass for information sensor such as acousto-optic glass, magneto-optic glass, electro-optic glass, etc.

 (6) Nonlinear optical glass such as semiconductor doped and metal particle doped nonlinear optical glass, etc.

 (7) Laser glass such as solid laser glass, fiber laser and amplifier glass.

 In addition, it also includes CD glass (glass disc), HDMD (glass disk for PC), STN (super twisted nematic) liquid crystal display glass, TFT thin film liquid crystal display glass, PDP plasma display panel, ELD electroluminescence display panel, VFD Vacuum fluorescent display panel, TCD thermochromic tinting glass, DPS microparticle polarization alignment glass, BM color filter glass.

 2.2 Biological and Medical Glass

 Bioglass is a "biological glass" that can replace human teeth, bones and other direct human bones, a carrier for enzymes, microorganisms, etc., and a "bioengineering glass" for biomimetic processes such as tissue culture. There are "bioinactive" materials that ignore biological existence and "bioactive" materials that are naturally adapted to biological glass. The former is carbon, alumina, silicon nitride, etc., which are mostly precision ceramics. The latter are calcium, phosphoric acid-containing glass or crystallized glass, hydroxide apatite, etc. Among them, hydroxyapatite is a fine ceramic with the same composition (inorganic) as the natural bone of living things. Therefore, when separating ceramics from glass, the latter is mainly used as the bioglass. In addition, when used in biology, in addition to chemical stability, phosphoric acid and calcium, biological activity and relatively high strength are also required. Crystallized glass is suitable for these requirements. The raw material of crystallized glass for biology is calcium phosphate. In order to vitrify, high-purity silica is melted. After making glass, it needs to be reheated under certain conditions to crystallize it. In addition, in order to enhance toughness, the crystal shape should develop in one direction. "One-way crystallized glass" has now been developed. But the development of these bioglasses competes with bioceramics. Starting from the development of the above-mentioned unidirectional crystallized glass, we will further accelerate the practical research on increasing strength and toughness, focusing on forming and processing. Although natural bone is considered to be a precipitate of insoluble calcium phosphate on collagen fibers, there are bioglasses containing calcium oxide and phosphorus oxide as materials for artificial bone and artificial teeth similar to this.

 Bioglass (referring to bioengineering and biomedical materials):

 (1) Biocarrier glass such as enzyme carrier microporous glass, biochip glass.

 (2) Gene sensor slide glass such as glass optical fiber for DNA sensor.

 (3) Glass for disease treatment, such as rake drug release glass, rake radiation glass, magnetron heating glass, can treat different cancers.

 (4) Hard tissue repair and bone tissue engineering glasses, such as glass-ceramics containing hydroxyapatite as the main crystal phase, and machinable glass-ceramics with apatite and mica as the main crystal phases, are used for artificial bone and artificial joints. Hydroxyapatite glass coatings are used to improve the biocompatibility of metal artificial organs with human tissues.

 (5) Oral glass such as cast glass-ceramic, glass-impregnated alumina porcelain is used for dental ceramic materials, glass ionomer cement and resin-modified glass ionomer cement are used for dental filling materials, and glass-ceramic can be cut for oral implants. Enter the material.

 (6) Slow-release degradable glass such as glass slow-release fertilizer and glass slow-release feed.

 2.3 Energy Glass

 Glass for energy and new energy refers to the transformation of traditional energy into new energy materials to rationally utilize resources, improve energy storage and energy conversion efficiency, reduce costs and reduce environmental pollution.

 (1) Solid fuel cells, such as vitreous fast ion conductors, etc.

 (2) Solar cells, such as glass substrates for amorphous silicon solar cells, composite glass curtain walls for solar photovoltaic cells, etc.

 (3) Solar collectors, such as heat-resistant glass tubes of various specifications used in collectors.

 2.4 Eco-environmental glass materials

 (1) Antibacterial glass

 The characteristic of antibacterial glass is to coat a layer of antibacterial functional film on the surface of flat glass. Therefore, antibacterial glass can be used wherever glass can and should be used, such as the medical industry, pharmaceutical industry, food industry, home appliance industry, schools, vehicles and ships and other places and industries.

 (2) Self-cleaning glass

 A layer of TiO2 nano-film is coated on the glass surface, which can decompose the dirt under ultraviolet irradiation, and the glass can be cleaned for a long time without scrubbing. The production methods of this kind of glass mainly include the following: one is to coat a layer of organic titanium film under normal temperature and pressure; the other is to use a more mature gel-sol coating process; the third is to use the float method on-line chemical vapor deposition method (CVD). At present, the first two processes in China are basically mature, and some products are available. From the perspective of foreign development trends, the use of online CVD method to produce self-cleaning glass has great prospects for development. This self-cleaning glass without scrubbing is an eco-friendly "green glass". When the titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst film called "photocatalyst" is exposed to sunlight or fluorescent lamps and ultraviolet rays, the organic substances and pollutants attached to the surface will become carbon oxides under the excitation state of external light. and water, and automatically eliminated. At present, it has been widely used in cover glass, automobile glass, high-grade glass mirror and glass curtain wall decorative glass of high-grade buildings.

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